Introduction
did you know?
The NEAR Platform overview clarifies much of the language in this section.
The life of a transaction:
- A client creates a transaction, computes the transaction hash and signs this hash to get a signed transaction. Now this signed transaction can be sent to a node.
- The RPC interface receives the transaction and routes it to the correct physical node using
signer_id. Since thesigner_idmust be a NEAR Account ID which lives on a single shard, the account is mapped to a shard which is followed by at least one validator running at least one machine with an IP address. - When a node receives a new signed transaction, it validates the transaction for signer, receiver, account balance, cost overflow, signature, etc. (see here) and gossips it to all peers following the same shard. If a transaction has an invalid signature or would be invalid on the latest state, it is rejected quickly and returns an error to the original RPC call.
- Valid transactions are added to the transaction pool (every validating node has its own independent copy of a transaction pool). The transaction pool maintains transactions that are not yet discarded and not yet included into the chain.
- A pool iterator is used to pick transactions from the pool one at a time, ordered from the smallest nonce to largest, until the pool is drained or some chunk limit is reached (max number of transactions per chunk or max gas burnt per chunk to process transactions). Please refer to articles on the pool iterator and gas for more details.
- To accommodate the distributed nature of a sharded blockchain, all transactions are subsequently returned to a segmented transaction pool having 3 distinct layers: accepted transactions (which will be processed on the next chunk), pending transactions (which exceeded the limits of the current chunk and will be included in a later round of processing) and invalid transactions (which will be rejected at the next available opportunity).
- Before producing a chunk, transactions are ordered and validated again. This is done to produce chunks with only valid transactions across a distributed system.
- While a transaction is being processed on to a chunk, any errors raised by the application of its actions are also returned via RPC.
NEAR Platform Errors
Errors raised by the NEAR platform are implemented in the following locations in nearcore:
This page includes:
- RuntimeError and subtypes: errors raised when a transaction is first received by the destination node and again before it's processed and applied to a chunk
- TxExecutionError and subtypes: errors raised while a transaction and its component action(s) are being validated and applied to a chunk
- VMerror and subtypes: errors raised during the execution of a Wasm contract by the NEAR VM
RuntimeError and subtypes
RuntimeError Error returned from `Runtime::apply
StorageError Unexpected error which is typically related to the node storage corruption.account
BalanceMismatchError An error happens if `check_balance` fails, which is likely an indication of an invalid state
InvalidTxError An error happened during TX verification and account charging
InvalidAccessKeyError Describes the error for validating access key
ActionsValidationError Describes the error for validating a list of actions
TotalPrepaidGasExceeded The total prepaid gas (for all given actions) exceeded the limit.
TotalNumberOfActionsExceeded The number of actions exceeded the given limit.
AddKeyMethodNamesNumberOfBytesExceeded The total number of bytes of the method names exceeded the limit in a Add Key action.
AddKeyMethodNameLengthExceeded The length of some method name exceeded the limit in a Add Key action.
IntegerOverflow Integer overflow during a compute.
InvalidAccountId Invalid account ID.
ContractSizeExceeded The size of the contract code exceeded the limit in a DeployContract action.
FunctionCallMethodNameLengthExceeded The length of the method name exceeded the limit in a Function Call action.
FunctionCallArgumentsLengthExceeded The length of the arguments exceeded the limit in a Function Call action.
TxExecutionError and subtypes
TxExecutionError Error returned in the ExecutionOutcome in case of failure
InvalidTxError An error happened during Transaction execution
InvalidAccessKeyError Describes the error for validating access key
ActionsValidationError Describes the error for validating a list of actions
TotalPrepaidGasExceeded The total prepaid gas (for all given actions) exceeded the limit.
TotalNumberOfActionsExceeded The number of actions exceeded the given limit.
AddKeyMethodNamesNumberOfBytesExceeded The total number of bytes of the method names exceeded the limit in a Add Key action.
AddKeyMethodNameLengthExceeded The length of some method name exceeded the limit in a Add Key action.
IntegerOverflow Integer overflow during a compute.
InvalidAccountId Invalid account ID.
ContractSizeExceeded The size of the contract code exceeded the limit in a DeployContract action.
FunctionCallMethodNameLengthExceeded The length of the method name exceeded the limit in a Function Call action.
FunctionCallArgumentsLengthExceeded The length of the arguments exceeded the limit in a Function Call action.
ActionError An error happened during Acton execution
ActionErrorKind The kind of ActionError happened
RuntimeCallError
ReceiptValidationError Describes the error for validating a receipt
ActionsValidationError Describes the error for validating a list of actions
TotalPrepaidGasExceeded The total prepaid gas (for all given actions) exceeded the limit.
TotalNumberOfActionsExceeded The number of actions exceeded the given limit.
AddKeyMethodNamesNumberOfBytesExceeded The total number of bytes of the method names exceeded the limit in a Add Key action.
AddKeyMethodNameLengthExceeded The length of some method name exceeded the limit in a Add Key action.
IntegerOverflow Integer overflow during a compute.
InvalidAccountId Invalid account ID.
ContractSizeExceeded The size of the contract code exceeded the limit in a DeployContract action.
FunctionCallMethodNameLengthExceeded The length of the method name exceeded the limit in a Function Call action.
FunctionCallArgumentsLengthExceeded The length of the arguments exceeded the limit in a Function Call action.
VMerror and subtypes
VMerror An error that occurs in the NEAR virtual machine
ExternalError Serialized external error from External trait implementation
InconsistentStateError An error that is caused by an operation on an inconsistent state (ie. an integer overflow by using a value from the given context
IntegerOverflow Math operation with a value from the state resulted in a integer overflow
FunctionCallError
LinkError
WasmTrap
MethodResolveError
MethodEmptyName
MethodUTF8Error
MethodNotFound
MethodInvalidSignature
HostError
BadUTF16 String encoding is bad UTF-16 sequence
BadUTF8 String encoding is bad UTF-8 sequence
GasExceeded Exceeded the prepaid ga
GasLimitExceeded Exceeded the maximum amount of gas allowed to burn per contract
BalanceExceeded Exceeded the account balance
EmptyMethodName Tried to call an empty method nam
GuestPanic Smart contract panicked
IntegerOverflow IntegerOverflow happened during a contract execution
InvalidPromiseIndex `promise_idx` does not correspond to existing promises
CannotAppendActionToJointPromise Actions can only be appended to non-joint promise.
CannotReturnJointPromise Returning joint promise is currently prohibited
InvalidPromiseResultIndex Accessed invalid promise result index
InvalidRegisterId Accessed invalid register id
IteratorWasInvalidated Iterator `iterator_index` was invalidated after its creation by performing a mutable operation on trie
MemoryAccessViolation Accessed memory outside the bounds
InvalidReceiptIndex VM Logic returned an invalid receipt index
InvalidIteratorIndex Iterator index `iterator_index` does not exist
InvalidAccountId VM Logic returned an invalid account id
InvalidMethodName VM Logic returned an invalid method name
InvalidPublicKey VM Logic provided an invalid public key
ProhibitedInView `method_name` is not allowed in view calls
NumberOfLogsExceeded The total number of logs will exceed the limit.
KeyLengthExceeded The storage key length exceeded the limit.
ValueLengthExceeded The storage value length exceeded the limit.
TotalLogLengthExceeded The total log length exceeded the limit.
NumberPromisesExceeded The maximum number of promises within a FunctionCall exceeded the limit.
NumberInputDataDependenciesExceeded The maximum number of input data dependencies exceeded the limit.
ReturnedValueLengthExceeded The returned value length exceeded the limit.
ContractSizeExceeded The contract size for DeployContract action exceeded the limit.
CompilationError
CodeDoesNotExist
WasmerCompileError
PrepareError Error that can occur while preparing or executing Wasm smart-contract
Serialization Error happened while serializing the module
Deserialization Error happened while deserializing the module
InternalMemoryDeclared Internal memory declaration has been found in the module
GasInstrumentation Gas instrumentation failed. This most likely indicates the module isn't valid
StackHeightInstrumentation Stack instrumentation failed. This most likely indicates the module isn't valid
Instantiate Error happened during instantiation. This might indicate that `start` function trapped, or module isn't instantiable and/or unlinkable
Memory Error creating memory