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Transactions are constructed by users to express the intent of performing actions in the network. Once in the network, transactions are converted into Receipts, which are messages exchanged between network nodes. On this page, we will explore the lifecycle of a transaction, from its creation to its final status.
Recommended ReadingTo dig deeper into transaction routing, we recommend reading the nearcore documentation

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Receipts & Finality

Let’s walk through the lifecycle of a complex transaction and see how it is processed by the network using blocks as time units.

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Block #1: The Transaction Arrives

After a transaction arrives, the network takes one block to validate it and transform it into a single Receipt that contains all the actions to be executed. While creating the Receipt, the signer gets $NEAR deducted from its balance to pay for the gas and any attached NEAR. If the signer and receiver coincide - e.g. the signer is adding a Key - the Receipt is immediately processed in this first block and the transaction is considered final.

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Block #2: The Receipt is Processed

If the signer and receiver differs - e.g. the signer transfers NEAR to the receiver - the Receipt is processed in a second block. During this process a FunctionCall could span a cross-contract call, creating one or multiple new Receipts.

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Block #3…: Function Calls

Each Receipt created from the function call take an additional block to be processed. Notice that, if those Receipts are FunctionCall they could spawn new Receipts and so on.

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Final Block: Gas is Refunded

A final Receipt is processed in a new block, refunding any extra gas paid by the user.

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Waiting for a Transaction

When using our libraries (or directly contacting the RPC), you can specify how long you want to wait for a transaction to be processed using a wait_until parameter. After a transaction is submitted, it first gets validated by the RPC node. If the transaction fails structural checks it will be immediately rejected. Otherwise, two things progress independently:
  • Execution: the receipts spawned by the transaction are executed across shards
  • Finality: the blocks containing the transaction and its receipts are finalized by consensus
These two axes combine to give you the following wait_until levels:
wait_untilReceipts executed?Tx block final?Receipt outcomes in response?
None——No
Included——No
ExecutedOptimisticYes (non-refund)NoYes
IncludedFinalNot necessarilyYesPartial
ExecutedYes (non-refund)YesYes
FinalYes (all, including refunds)Yes (all blocks)Yes
Notice that ExecutedOptimistic and IncludedFinal are not ordered relative to each other — they represent progress on different axes. ExecutedOptimistic guarantees all non-refund receipt outcomes are available but the blocks aren’t final yet. IncludedFinal guarantees the transaction’s block is final but some receipts may still be pending, so you may only get a partial set of receipt outcomes.

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Refund receipts

When a receipt executes with leftover gas, NEAR generates a refund receipt to return the unused payment to the sender. These always succeed and don’t affect application logic, so ExecutedOptimistic and Executed don’t wait for them — only Final does.
Most transactions will just spawn a receipt to process the actions, and a receipt to refund the gas, being final in 1-3 blocks (~1-3 seconds):
  • One block if the signer and receiver coincide - e.g. when adding a key
  • Three blocks if the signer and receiver differ, since the first block creates the Receipt, and the last reimburses gas
Function calls might take longer, as they can spawn multiple receipts. Network congestion can also increase the time to process a receipt and, thus, a transaction.

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Transaction Status

As the Receipts of a Transaction are processed, they get a status:
  • Success: the actions on the receipt were executed successfully
  • Failed: an action on the receipt failed
  • Unknown: the receipt is not known by the network
If an action in a Receipt fails, all the actions in that Receipt are rolled back. Notice that we are talking about the Receipt status, and not the Transaction status. The status of a transaction is determined by its first receipt, which contains all its actions. If any of the actions in the first receipt fail, the transaction is marked as failed. Notice that, it could happen that a transaction is marked as successful, but some of its receipt fails. This happens when a FunctionCall successfully spawns a new receipt, but the consequent function call fails. In this case, the transaction is marked as successful because the original function call was successful. See the examples below for more details.

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Example: Transaction with Transfer

  1. bob.near creates a transaction to transfer 10 NEAR to alice.near
  2. The transaction is converted into a receipt
  3. The conversion fails because bob.near does not have enough balance
  4. The transaction is marked as failed ⛔

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Example: Deploying a Contract

  1. bob.near creates a transaction to:
    • create the account contract.bob.near
    • transfer 5 NEAR to contract.bob.near
    • deploy a contract in contract.bob.near
  2. The transaction is transformed into one receipt
  3. The account is created, the money transfer and the contract deployed
  4. The transaction is marked as successful ✅

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Example: Deploying a Contract Fails

  1. bob.near creates a transaction to:
    • create the account contract.bob.near
    • transfer 5 NEAR to contract.bob.near
    • deploy a contract in contract.bob.near
  2. The transaction is transformed into one receipt
  3. The account is created, but the transfer fails because bob.near does not have enough balance
  4. The whole process is reverted (i.e. no account is created)
  5. The transaction is marked as failed ⛔

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Example: Calling a Function

  1. bob.near creates a transaction to call the function cross-call in contract.near
  2. The transaction is transformed into one receipt
  3. The function cross-call creates a promise to call the function external-call in external.near
  4. The function finishes correctly and the transaction is marked as successful ✅
  5. A new receipt is created to call the function external-call in external.near
  6. The function external-call fails
  7. The original transaction is still marked as successful ✅ because the first receipt was successful
You can check the status of a transaction using the NearBlocks explorer

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Nonce values

The nonce is a number that is incremented for each transaction sent by the transaction’s Signer. On a valid transaction, the nonce value should follow these rules:
  • When adding a key, the nonce is automatically assigned - particularly, it is given the value block height * 10^6 - so the value in the ADD_KEY action is ignored
  • A transaction is accepted only if the nonce value is in the range of:
    • [(current_nonce_of_access_key + 1) .. (block_height * 10^6)]
  • Once a transaction is accepted, the access key’s nonce is set to the nonce value of the included transaction