Accounts
Introduction​
Please see the documentation for accounts for basic information.
- For exchanges, NEAR supports implicit account creation which allows the creation of accounts without paying for transactions.
- You can create an implicit account by following the steps in this guide.
- Accounts must have enough tokens to cover its storage which currently costs
0.0001 NEARper byte. This equates to a minimum balance of0.00182 NEARfor an account with one access key. You can query the live storage price using theprotocol-configRPC endpoint. For more details on storage fees see this section of the economics paper.
Transfer from Function Call​
NEAR allows transfers to happen within a function call. More importantly, when an account is deployed with some contract, it is possible that the only way to transfer tokens from that account is through a function call. Therefore, exchanges need to support transfers through function calls as well. We recommend the following approach:
Exchange can query block by height to get blocks on each height, and for every block, query its chunk to obtain the transactions included in the block. For each transaction, query its status to see the receipts generated from transactions. Since exchanges are only interested in transfers to their addresses, they only need to filter receipts that only contain Transfer action and whose predecessor_id is not system (receipts with predecessor_id equal to system are refunds). Then, to check whether the receipt succeeds, it is sufficient to look for the receipt_id in receipts_outcome and see if its status is SuccessValue.
Alternatively, exchange can use the indexer framework to help index on-chain data which include receipts. An example usage of the indexer can be found here.
Below we include examples from the contracts that are likely to be used to perform transfers through function calls.
Example of transfer from a lockup contract
A contract evgeny.lockup.near is deployed and we can check its owner by
> near view evgeny.lockup.near get_owner_account_id
View call: evgeny.lockup.near.get_owner_account_id()
'evgeny.near'
Now we want to transfer some unlocked tokens (1 NEAR) with the following call
near call evgeny.lockup.near transfer '{"amount":"1000000000000000000000000", "receiver_id": "evgeny.near"}' --accountId=evgeny.near
Note: the response below can be obtained by hitting the RPC with the transaction hash and NEAR account like this:
http post https://rpc.testnet.near.org jsonrpc=2.0 id=txstatus method=EXPERIMENTAL_tx_status \
params:='[ "GXP8YaSonoN2eBY6dB3FbMN2NyYD2JeJJvKdvbL4Jmb2", "evgeny.near"]'
Example Response:
{
"id": "123",
"jsonrpc": "2.0",
"result": {
"receipts": [
{
"predecessor_id": "evgeny.near",
"receipt": {
"Action": {
"actions": [
{
"FunctionCall": {
"args": "eyJhbW91bnQiOiIxMDAwMDAwMDAwMDAwMDAwMDAwMDAwMDAwIiwicmVjZWl2ZXJfaWQiOiJldmdlbnkubmVhciJ9",
"deposit": "0",
"gas": 100000000000000,
"method_name": "transfer"
}
}
],
"gas_price": "186029458",
"input_data_ids": [],
"output_data_receivers": [],
"signer_id": "evgeny.near",
"signer_public_key": "ed25519:BVRTxEEMx3gFceSgJtnvPFbSnPDwwUzHe6KGduRh5Byq"
}
},
"receipt_id": "CyJL22SYqt26qgh2XVnk9MGfvzgyiiq5Lny7DdbTdTWU",
"receiver_id": "evgeny.lockup.near"
},
{
"predecessor_id": "evgeny.lockup.near",
"receipt": {
"Action": {
"actions": [
{
"Transfer": {
"deposit": "1000000000000000000000000"
}
}
],
"gas_price": "186029458",
"input_data_ids": [],
"output_data_receivers": [],
"signer_id": "evgeny.near",
"signer_public_key": "ed25519:BVRTxEEMx3gFceSgJtnvPFbSnPDwwUzHe6KGduRh5Byq"
}
},
"receipt_id": "EvHfj4fUyVuLBRKNdCZmFGr4WfqwYf7YCbzFsRGFTFJC",
"receiver_id": "evgeny.near"
},
{
"predecessor_id": "system",
"receipt": {
"Action": {
"actions": [
{
"Transfer": {
"deposit": "19200274886926125000"
}
}
],
"gas_price": "0",
"input_data_ids": [],
"output_data_receivers": [],
"signer_id": "evgeny.near",
"signer_public_key": "ed25519:BVRTxEEMx3gFceSgJtnvPFbSnPDwwUzHe6KGduRh5Byq"
}
},
"receipt_id": "J1bBKH43nXHYg4NuS97R1PFzdZchrJboVAdRsK5NRrAv",
"receiver_id": "evgeny.near"
},
{
"predecessor_id": "system",
"receipt": {
"Action": {
"actions": [
{
"Transfer": {
"deposit": "18655658845681462514128"
}
}
],
"gas_price": "0",
"input_data_ids": [],
"output_data_receivers": [],
"signer_id": "evgeny.near",
"signer_public_key": "ed25519:BVRTxEEMx3gFceSgJtnvPFbSnPDwwUzHe6KGduRh5Byq"
}
},
"receipt_id": "6PFaxnNvK5r6qxBq5WfV9uGjoNM6qjhHwLehLP1qak9d",
"receiver_id": "evgeny.near"
}
],
"receipts_outcome": [
{
"block_hash": "9boEKq9G1UFsEuzmuQrxh5dkRc8xsv8PSPGEkYiTyRLj",
"id": "CyJL22SYqt26qgh2XVnk9MGfvzgyiiq5Lny7DdbTdTWU",
"outcome": {
"executor_id": "evgeny.lockup.near",
"gas_burnt": 3574640311481,
"logs": [
"Transferring 1000000000000000000000000 to account @evgeny.near"
],
"receipt_ids": [
"EvHfj4fUyVuLBRKNdCZmFGr4WfqwYf7YCbzFsRGFTFJC",
"6PFaxnNvK5r6qxBq5WfV9uGjoNM6qjhHwLehLP1qak9d"
],
"status": {
"SuccessReceiptId": "EvHfj4fUyVuLBRKNdCZmFGr4WfqwYf7YCbzFsRGFTFJC"
},
"tokens_burnt": "357464031148100000000"
},
"proof": []
},
{
"block_hash": "7qn4BjmMD4QbyVvMa8QEzm7h5YuhoGTFTgLeNMUp85UQ",
"id": "EvHfj4fUyVuLBRKNdCZmFGr4WfqwYf7YCbzFsRGFTFJC",
"outcome": {
"executor_id": "evgeny.near",
"gas_burnt": 223182562500,
"logs": [],
"receipt_ids": ["J1bBKH43nXHYg4NuS97R1PFzdZchrJboVAdRsK5NRrAv"],
"status": {
"SuccessValue": ""
},
"tokens_burnt": "22318256250000000000"
},
"proof": [
{
"direction": "Right",
"hash": "AwHdk5dushTSXHFBt3R5MiexjiXybwdnEaB7L9iJ5F6t"
}
]
},
{
"block_hash": "46788Ay85YGnQaH5tfbboQNWJs3gyXsPbcWzRyxqw56K",
"id": "J1bBKH43nXHYg4NuS97R1PFzdZchrJboVAdRsK5NRrAv",
"outcome": {
"executor_id": "evgeny.near",
"gas_burnt": 0,
"logs": [],
"receipt_ids": [],
"status": {
"SuccessValue": ""
},
"tokens_burnt": "0"
},
"proof": []
},
{
"block_hash": "7qn4BjmMD4QbyVvMa8QEzm7h5YuhoGTFTgLeNMUp85UQ",
"id": "6PFaxnNvK5r6qxBq5WfV9uGjoNM6qjhHwLehLP1qak9d",
"outcome": {
"executor_id": "evgeny.near",
"gas_burnt": 0,
"logs": [],
"receipt_ids": [],
"status": {
"SuccessValue": ""
},
"tokens_burnt": "0"
},
"proof": [
{
"direction": "Left",
"hash": "9RRJpH5VdDxsHpp323EshcAauV5wUNDyW9FpEJBRXXq8"
}
]
}
],
"status": {
"SuccessValue": ""
},
"transaction": {
"actions": [
{
"FunctionCall": {
"args": "eyJhbW91bnQiOiIxMDAwMDAwMDAwMDAwMDAwMDAwMDAwMDAwIiwicmVjZWl2ZXJfaWQiOiJldmdlbnkubmVhciJ9",
"deposit": "0",
"gas": 100000000000000,
"method_name": "transfer"
}
}
],
"hash": "GXP8YaSonoN2eBY6dB3FbMN2NyYD2JeJJvKdvbL4Jmb2",
"nonce": 6,
"public_key": "ed25519:BVRTxEEMx3gFceSgJtnvPFbSnPDwwUzHe6KGduRh5Byq",
"receiver_id": "evgeny.lockup.near",
"signature": "ed25519:4nfzTMpQJKCY3KaqUTFig4Xy9uxwbMeQpMJjtNKsXmwiVqgcVSWRguZEgZM8L2x1jvdpZHsYjLCxc9cSBamXuXPH",
"signer_id": "evgeny.near"
},
"transaction_outcome": {
"block_hash": "4u7maz2U43W4DPxqQE8KoRNi5dTRHrAsKsFk2qDQsQEw",
"id": "GXP8YaSonoN2eBY6dB3FbMN2NyYD2JeJJvKdvbL4Jmb2",
"outcome": {
"executor_id": "evgeny.near",
"gas_burnt": 2428086459116,
"logs": [],
"receipt_ids": ["CyJL22SYqt26qgh2XVnk9MGfvzgyiiq5Lny7DdbTdTWU"],
"status": {
"SuccessReceiptId": "CyJL22SYqt26qgh2XVnk9MGfvzgyiiq5Lny7DdbTdTWU"
},
"tokens_burnt": "242808645911600000000"
},
"proof": []
}
}
}
As we can see, there are four receipts generated in this function call. If we apply the criteria mentioned above, we can find in receipts field this object
{
"predecessor_id": "evgeny.lockup.near",
"receipt": {
"Action": {
"actions": [
{
"Transfer": {
"deposit": "1000000000000000000000000"
}
}
],
"gas_price": "186029458",
"input_data_ids": [],
"output_data_receivers": [],
"signer_id": "evgeny.near",
"signer_public_key": "ed25519:BVRTxEEMx3gFceSgJtnvPFbSnPDwwUzHe6KGduRh5Byq"
}
},
"receipt_id": "EvHfj4fUyVuLBRKNdCZmFGr4WfqwYf7YCbzFsRGFTFJC",
"receiver_id": "evgeny.near"
}
which contains only Transfer action and whose predecessor_id is not system. Now we can check the status of the execution by looking for the same receipt id EvHfj4fUyVuLBRKNdCZmFGr4WfqwYf7YCbzFsRGFTFJC in receipts_outcome field of the rpc return result, this leads us to this execution outcome
{
"block_hash": "7qn4BjmMD4QbyVvMa8QEzm7h5YuhoGTFTgLeNMUp85UQ",
"id": "EvHfj4fUyVuLBRKNdCZmFGr4WfqwYf7YCbzFsRGFTFJC",
"outcome": {
"executor_id": "evgeny.near",
"gas_burnt": 223182562500,
"logs": [],
"receipt_ids": ["J1bBKH43nXHYg4NuS97R1PFzdZchrJboVAdRsK5NRrAv"],
"status": {
"SuccessValue": ""
},
"tokens_burnt": "22318256250000000000"
},
"proof": [
{
"direction": "Right",
"hash": "AwHdk5dushTSXHFBt3R5MiexjiXybwdnEaB7L9iJ5F6t"
}
]
}
and its status contains SuccessValue, which indicates that the receipt has succeeded. Therefore we know that 1000000000000000000000000 yoctoNEAR, or 1 NEAR has been successfully transferred.
Example of transfer from a multisig contract
Mutisig contract, as the name suggests, uses multiple signatures to confirm a transaction and therefore, actions performed by the multisig contract involves multiple transactions. In the following example, we will show how a transfer is done from a multisig contract that requires two confirmations.
- First step:
add_request_and_confirm. This initiates the action that the multisig contract wants to perform with one confirmation. The multisig contractmultsigtest.testnetwants to transfer 1 NEAR tobowenand it first sends a transaction that callsadd_request_and_confirmwith a request
{
"request": {
"receiver_id": "bowen",
"actions": [
{
"type": "Transfer",
"amount": "1000000000000000000000000"
}
]
}
}
that indicates it wants to transfer 1 NEAR to bowen. Notice that this transaction only records the action but does not perform the actual transfer. The transaction result is as follows:
Example Response:
{
"id": "123",
"jsonrpc": "2.0",
"result": {
"receipts": [
{
"predecessor_id": "system",
"receipt": {
"Action": {
"actions": [
{
"Transfer": {
"deposit": "3069687780141648922140"
}
}
],
"gas_price": "0",
"input_data_ids": [],
"output_data_receivers": [],
"signer_id": "multisigtest.testnet",
"signer_public_key": "ed25519:JDewsbE7nz6orFD4zJ3mVzqhfcaoSD6Hmi5as3AHHiTt"
}
},
"receipt_id": "4qgDptd7Wm6vswAhWMCsVpTjBEkmLJEUxSNVQS1wu3rD",
"receiver_id": "multisigtest.testnet"
}
],
"receipts_outcome": [
{
"block_hash": "6uJWHTvUrtFQAurUyfuAfy9EdoR9FhLodGh44aHJta6m",
"id": "94LiYwKJEDherHMNg9fqLy9ShFTDiQiUN3nDaGmLZwth",
"outcome": {
"executor_id": "multisigtest.testnet",
"gas_burnt": 8024094920263,
"logs": [],
"receipt_ids": ["4qgDptd7Wm6vswAhWMCsVpTjBEkmLJEUxSNVQS1wu3rD"],
"status": {
"SuccessValue": "OA=="
},
"tokens_burnt": "802409492026300000000"
},
"proof": [
{
"direction": "Left",
"hash": "GedzmwRkxA5VkT8GLBCnrPUmnEhWPXadPmiq4Ho1s9pH"
},
{
"direction": "Right",
"hash": "GirkzdS9YpsAz5fXuL5T3rXd93aRcnXNAdXYi241qpWK"
}
]
},
{
"block_hash": "4JyQ6guJKeWZxxXrKndLDuSa5URuirmBi6RzsbKYFsBE",
"id": "4qgDptd7Wm6vswAhWMCsVpTjBEkmLJEUxSNVQS1wu3rD",
"outcome": {
"executor_id": "multisigtest.testnet",
"gas_burnt": 0,
"logs": [],
"receipt_ids": [],
"status": {
"SuccessValue": ""
},
"tokens_burnt": "0"
},
"proof": []
}
],
"status": {
"SuccessValue": "OA=="
},
"transaction": {
"actions": [
{
"FunctionCall": {
"args": "eyJyZXF1ZXN0Ijp7InJlY2VpdmVyX2lkIjoiYm93ZW4iLCJhY3Rpb25zIjpbeyJ0eXBlIjoiVHJhbnNmZXIiLCJhbW91bnQiOiIxMDAwMDAwMDAwMDAwMDAwMDAwMDAwMDAwIn1dfX0=",
"deposit": "0",
"gas": 30000000000000,
"method_name": "add_request_and_confirm"
}
}
],
"hash": "FGREJkC1e8y95Rc35iD1LVRiDy1WcAZhAxxkSinfb2mL",
"nonce": 10,
"public_key": "ed25519:JDewsbE7nz6orFD4zJ3mVzqhfcaoSD6Hmi5as3AHHiTt",
"receiver_id": "multisigtest.testnet",
"signature": "ed25519:3NUKXd4uj2eEBqGQtRAxkTFW7UfG44tjvQNNHBDvN9ZswTTMRsDrMJSd1U3GqWF7QToqWQR9J8atNEVTemSWYw41",
"signer_id": "multisigtest.testnet"
},
"transaction_outcome": {
"block_hash": "6uJWHTvUrtFQAurUyfuAfy9EdoR9FhLodGh44aHJta6m",
"id": "FGREJkC1e8y95Rc35iD1LVRiDy1WcAZhAxxkSinfb2mL",
"outcome": {
"executor_id": "multisigtest.testnet",
"gas_burnt": 2428204963618,
"logs": [],
"receipt_ids": ["94LiYwKJEDherHMNg9fqLy9ShFTDiQiUN3nDaGmLZwth"],
"status": {
"SuccessReceiptId": "94LiYwKJEDherHMNg9fqLy9ShFTDiQiUN3nDaGmLZwth"
},
"tokens_burnt": "242820496361800000000"
},
"proof": [
{
"direction": "Right",
"hash": "AsNAQabPFkmaugRGhCbzcEcR8Gnd22WXxPM2fb2cwHiv"
},
{
"direction": "Right",
"hash": "GirkzdS9YpsAz5fXuL5T3rXd93aRcnXNAdXYi241qpWK"
}
]
}
}
}
- Second step:
confirm. A second transaction is sent to confirm the transfer. This transaction takes the request id returned by the first transaction and does the actual transfer. The transaction result is as follows
Example Response:
{
"id": "123",
"jsonrpc": "2.0",
"result": {
"receipts": [
{
"predecessor_id": "multisigtest.testnet",
"receipt": {
"Action": {
"actions": [
{
"Transfer": {
"deposit": "1000000000000000000000000"
}
}
],
"gas_price": "451542320",
"input_data_ids": [],
"output_data_receivers": [],
"signer_id": "multisigtest.testnet",
"signer_public_key": "ed25519:BmVX32jhvEd8d8outiQdjf66GGYV3pb7kaxrKTdNisCz"
}
},
"receipt_id": "DZbHTEf3i3XznK4oJHQfcrteoiCL6WykRiA8vsn4LmAy",
"receiver_id": "bowen"
},
{
"predecessor_id": "system",
"receipt": {
"Action": {
"actions": [
{
"Transfer": {
"deposit": "78458115804795000000"
}
}
],
"gas_price": "0",
"input_data_ids": [],
"output_data_receivers": [],
"signer_id": "multisigtest.testnet",
"signer_public_key": "ed25519:BmVX32jhvEd8d8outiQdjf66GGYV3pb7kaxrKTdNisCz"
}
},
"receipt_id": "6SxC9GfYdjqm7Ao5EAw51XUAjgoN8Lj2X9xJfxjDQYXd",
"receiver_id": "multisigtest.testnet"
},
{
"predecessor_id": "system",
"receipt": {
"Action": {
"actions": [
{
"Transfer": {
"deposit": "112870156274913516718240"
}
}
],
"gas_price": "0",
"input_data_ids": [],
"output_data_receivers": [],
"signer_id": "multisigtest.testnet",
"signer_public_key": "ed25519:BmVX32jhvEd8d8outiQdjf66GGYV3pb7kaxrKTdNisCz"
}
},
"receipt_id": "CHfzz6NLcQMyiLHBQoczhgm5BFjLVfv9B7eCyXKLhhcT",
"receiver_id": "multisigtest.testnet"
}
],
"receipts_outcome": [
{
"block_hash": "9JEiMrZ1SpAUEbQswde3Diptzwy35Vrvd41VZWG9hYVE",
"id": "FfuhYhsgFL7sLC8pk1tuRnMHJdqycE6gEcfgZLW9fmFB",
"outcome": {
"executor_id": "multisigtest.testnet",
"gas_burnt": 10109796553814,
"logs": [],
"receipt_ids": [
"DZbHTEf3i3XznK4oJHQfcrteoiCL6WykRiA8vsn4LmAy",
"CHfzz6NLcQMyiLHBQoczhgm5BFjLVfv9B7eCyXKLhhcT"
],
"status": {
"SuccessReceiptId": "DZbHTEf3i3XznK4oJHQfcrteoiCL6WykRiA8vsn4LmAy"
},
"tokens_burnt": "1010979655381400000000"
},
"proof": [
{
"direction": "Left",
"hash": "9e2UcG6qBRahBh3V2Z8bGJLh5c4jXfZdP3WBJkCpJCfj"
}
]
},
{
"block_hash": "4LkVfqyhhrxDdVFmow6NxLf1jTaj6XVr7CVcUxxySd1R",
"id": "DZbHTEf3i3XznK4oJHQfcrteoiCL6WykRiA8vsn4LmAy",
"outcome": {
"executor_id": "bowen",
"gas_burnt": 223182562500,
"logs": [],
"receipt_ids": ["6SxC9GfYdjqm7Ao5EAw51XUAjgoN8Lj2X9xJfxjDQYXd"],
"status": {
"SuccessValue": ""
},
"tokens_burnt": "22318256250000000000"
},
"proof": [
{
"direction": "Right",
"hash": "FFWaWUFt6sNx5XNHzGYsYBSYFWtGPoww5XQz1QmLVc8i"
}
]
},
{
"block_hash": "G6LDdnAa2b38TB4KZ89HAyVgfgyiRPDDgSxoZypbUYpx",
"id": "6SxC9GfYdjqm7Ao5EAw51XUAjgoN8Lj2X9xJfxjDQYXd",
"outcome": {
"executor_id": "multisigtest.testnet",
"gas_burnt": 0,
"logs": [],
"receipt_ids": [],
"status": {
"SuccessValue": ""
},
"tokens_burnt": "0"
},
"proof": []
},
{
"block_hash": "4LkVfqyhhrxDdVFmow6NxLf1jTaj6XVr7CVcUxxySd1R",
"id": "CHfzz6NLcQMyiLHBQoczhgm5BFjLVfv9B7eCyXKLhhcT",
"outcome": {
"executor_id": "multisigtest.testnet",
"gas_burnt": 0,
"logs": [],
"receipt_ids": [],
"status": {
"SuccessValue": ""
},
"tokens_burnt": "0"
},
"proof": [
{
"direction": "Left",
"hash": "DpDYAEKZTtSomgyeNcJ2i4qjvfqnCtf1CXa83Cz5wvEy"
}
]
}
],
"status": {
"SuccessValue": ""
},
"transaction": {
"actions": [
{
"FunctionCall": {
"args": "eyJyZXF1ZXN0X2lkIjo4fQ==",
"deposit": "0",
"gas": 250000000000000,
"method_name": "confirm"
}
}
],
"hash": "Fu39vwxC4mu9ks1DZA5Cib63RnBMHpFonk2DcbpioEYc",
"nonce": 9,
"public_key": "ed25519:BmVX32jhvEd8d8outiQdjf66GGYV3pb7kaxrKTdNisCz",
"receiver_id": "multisigtest.testnet",
"signature": "ed25519:2raQq7t3cmzSL2krE2xaNqXhAw7cKMoXrBjT2ZhAGfCVtGwzbbQ8zkB17vrCSFZDbFmPWSJpoqsw8qPZZiorwSzS",
"signer_id": "multisigtest.testnet"
},
"transaction_outcome": {
"block_hash": "9JEiMrZ1SpAUEbQswde3Diptzwy35Vrvd41VZWG9hYVE",
"id": "Fu39vwxC4mu9ks1DZA5Cib63RnBMHpFonk2DcbpioEYc",
"outcome": {
"executor_id": "multisigtest.testnet",
"gas_burnt": 2427972426482,
"logs": [],
"receipt_ids": ["FfuhYhsgFL7sLC8pk1tuRnMHJdqycE6gEcfgZLW9fmFB"],
"status": {
"SuccessReceiptId": "FfuhYhsgFL7sLC8pk1tuRnMHJdqycE6gEcfgZLW9fmFB"
},
"tokens_burnt": "242797242648200000000"
},
"proof": [
{
"direction": "Right",
"hash": "B6hN48qeVP8J3hP8XGcANShM264QkNjgJAfMtsuknqex"
}
]
}
}
}
Notice that similar to the transfer from lockup contract, there is also one receipt in the receipts field that meet our requirements:
{
"predecessor_id": "multisigtest.testnet",
"receipt": {
"Action": {
"actions": [
{
"Transfer": {
"deposit": "1000000000000000000000000"
}
}
],
"gas_price": "451542320",
"input_data_ids": [],
"output_data_receivers": [],
"signer_id": "multisigtest.testnet",
"signer_public_key": "ed25519:BmVX32jhvEd8d8outiQdjf66GGYV3pb7kaxrKTdNisCz"
}
},
"receipt_id": "DZbHTEf3i3XznK4oJHQfcrteoiCL6WykRiA8vsn4LmAy",
"receiver_id": "bowen"
}
and we can find its outcome in receipts_outcome:
{
"block_hash": "4LkVfqyhhrxDdVFmow6NxLf1jTaj6XVr7CVcUxxySd1R",
"id": "DZbHTEf3i3XznK4oJHQfcrteoiCL6WykRiA8vsn4LmAy",
"outcome": {
"executor_id": "bowen",
"gas_burnt": 223182562500,
"logs": [],
"receipt_ids": ["6SxC9GfYdjqm7Ao5EAw51XUAjgoN8Lj2X9xJfxjDQYXd"],
"status": {
"SuccessValue": ""
},
"tokens_burnt": "22318256250000000000"
},
"proof": [
{
"direction": "Right",
"hash": "FFWaWUFt6sNx5XNHzGYsYBSYFWtGPoww5XQz1QmLVc8i"
}
]
}
which indicates that the transaction is successful.
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